Nous nous proposons dans cette communication d’apporter une réflexion et une contribution sur la métaphore en langue de spécialité qui facilite, dans une situation d’apprentissage, la transmission des connaissances, la compréhension de l’abstrait, en évoquant des liens analogiques avec ce qui est concret ou familier, ne serait-ce que parce que l’on en a fait l’expérience dans la vie de tous les jours. Dans cette optique, nous verrons comment l’enseignant, dans le domaine de la cardiologie, arrive par le recourt à une image proche de la vie courante des étudiants à leur faire comprendre le message qu’il désire faire passer. Pour ce faire, nous allons placer la « métaphore terminologique » ou de spécialité dans un contexte herméneutique qui suppose une autre façon de penser et une autre façon de voir l’objet de description. Nous devons souligner que, dans cette perspective, la métaphore opère une re-description de la réalité, l’enseignant tient à sa disposition un terme savant ou une expression métaphorique pour désigner un même objet. À partir de quelques exemples nous allons vérifier que l’outil métaphorique fonctionne comme un traducteur intralingual qui revêt essentiellement une fonction d’éclaireur. En guise de conclusion, nous essayerons d’étayer les principales potentialités et contraintes assignées à la métaphore dans une situation d’apprentissage.
Mots clés: Métaphore de spécialité, métalinguistique, cardiologie
L’objectif de cet article est de porter un regard épistémologique sur la traduction scientifique en partant du fait que maintes des études entreprises dans ce domaine ont mis l’accent sur la problématique de la terminologie spécialisée au détriment des aspects d’ordre textuel. Pour ce faire, nous essayerons en premier lieu de définir l’acte traduisant comme opération qui se situe sur le plan textuel et d’envisager l’enseignement de la traduction scientifique sous l’angle de la « textologie contrastive » (voir Adamzik 2001). Ceci en est ainsi car l’étude comparée de textes visant les modes de structuration textuelle et l’utilisation de certains patrons discursifs dans une culture donnée constitue à notre avis une approche différenciatrice qui pourrait s’appliquer au domaine de la traduction scientifique. L’intérêt pédagogique de l’application de la « textologie contrastive » se veut faire émerger des contrastes culturels en les corrélant au niveau macro- et microtextuel dans le but didactique de développer chez l’apprenant une compétence textuelle dans la langue d’origine et la langue cible visant le développement des stratégies de traduction pertinentes. Dans cet article, nous étudierons les retombées didactiques de cette approche ce qui conduira nos réflexions vers une démarche pédagogique qui repose sur la compilation et l’analyse d’un corpus de textes scientifiques afin de mieux appréhender les variations interculturelles des différents genres scientifiques en vue d’adapter le texte traduit aux conventions de la culture cible.
Mots clés: traduction scientifique ; enseignement ; genre ; textologie contrastive
The paper proposes an HPSG semantic analysis of object control verbs (OCVs). The aim is to build an analysis able to incorporate the idea that OCVs form a semantic natural class, without appeal to ad-hoc semantic concepts. In section 1 I describe the main properties of OCVs. In section 2 I present Pollard and Sag’s (1994) analysis of OCVs, which is the starting point of my analysis. I show that Pollard and Sag’s account contains the important idea that subcategorization regularities of these verbs are the consequence of the fact that they have a common semantic structure. This amounts to say that in fact OCVs form a (semantic) natural class. In subsection 2.2 I show, however, that one of the concepts used in Pollard and Sag’s analysis, the semantic role INFLUENCED, is problematic in that it resists attempts of being characterized in terms of Dowty’s role entailments (Dowty 1991), as long as it does not exhibit properties of undergoer (patient). As a consequence, in section 3 I prospect the chances of an alternative account, inspired by Davis (2001). I prove that this possible new approach has another drawback, namely it misses Pollard and Sag’s hypothesis that OCVs form a semantic natural class. In section 4 I propose an analysis which recovers the hypothesis of OCVs as a semantic natural class and makes no appeal to ad-hoc semantic concepts. The analysis is based on Koenig and Davis’ (2001) lexical semantics distinction between situational core and modal base.
Keywords: object control verbs, semantic role entailments, situational core, modal base.
L’analyse des déterminants indéfinis sépare les partitifs et les nonpartitifs en fonction de quelques critères: l’existence d’une partie complémentaire, la possibilité d’association du groupe qu’ils introduisent avec un prédicat d’entité, la lecture forte qui résulte d’un contexte contrastif. Seulement les déterminants câţiva „quelques” et unii „certains” sont partitifs. En ce qui concerne le déterminant nişte „des” (tout comme d’autres indéfinis), celui-ci n’est partitif qu’au niveau discursif, lorsqu’il entre en relation avec un corrélatif du type ceilalţi („les autres”), restul („le reste”).
Mots-clés: quantificateur, déterminant indéfini, partitif, prédicat d’entité/non-épisodique.
Notre but est de présenter chronologiquement les principaux articles et études sur les clichés mélodiques, en montrant le rôle de l’intonation stylisée (cliché mélodique) dans l’identification et l’interprétation des séquences ludiques. Nous avons essayé d'amplifier la signification de l’intonation dans le langage émotif recrée et d’élargir la définition des clichés mélodiques apparaissant dans un cadre ludique. Nous avons proposé une extension de la définition, en ajoutant les reprises ludiques qui gardent le contour intonatif de base, en lui détournant la fonction initiale.
Mots clés : intonation, stylisation, langage spontané recréé, cadre ludique
Romanian writers go into the 19th century with a rather modest urban experience: they come from an essentially rural and traditional world. For many of them, modernity signals their entrance into a new universe of large urban agglomerations, a world of different moral, social and cultural characteristics. A cursory glance at their more important texts reveals their perceptions of the new world and their reaction to these paradigm changes.
Keywords: Romanian writers, XIXth century, urbanization
This paper discusses, from a historical point of view, the major directions in Korean realist literature. Korean literary realism was influenced by the Japanese style in the early 20s, due to the Japan military occupation of the country during the first half of the 20th century. The main features of Korean realism in literature were: the lack of scientific approach; poverty, as a recurrent theme; the search for objectivism; the uniformity of the literary form, i.e. short novels. Man Sik Chae is one of the most important Korean realist writers, in whose works we find all these themes, along with a special interest in the place of women in Korean society.
Keywords: realism, objectivism, Korean fiction, novel
At the age of 30, when Yi Sang (born Kim Hae Kyeong) started his literal activity, various literary currents from the Occident could be remarked in Korea. On one hand, the Korean literature was activated by the authors who promoted the nationalist ideology, and on the other, the new current, the modernism, was experimented by more and more writers. In this atmosphere of social culture, Yi Sang became the most „modern” writer of his age, the greatest poet who aroused a special interest by his literary theories, such as the surrealism or the psychologism. Yi Sang's work is the most extreme example of the rejection of Korean tradition, which happened during the process of modernization. His work expresses the disgust against the old customs which have lost their vitality and starts to promote a literature of self-examination. To him, literature meant an action through which he could show the internal world of his own self, a world of despair, a personal despair but also a national feeling in the context of the Japanese colonization. His works have therefore an autobiographic tendency. Moreover, the real situation of the society influenced his works. For him, literature was the only way in which he could escape the darkness of his world dominated by the Japanese imperialists. He also experimented new methods, as for example the psychological novel. During his short life (27 years), he not only introduced innovations in form and language but also expressed the complexities of passion and the indeterminate and complicate nature of self. Almost all his works were written with new methods, completely different from the traditional ones. He wrote using a lot of numbers and symbols, and sometimes with no space between the words. His free spirit proved that his works offered a new vision of the modernity. Through his works, Yi Sang shocks his readers, but in a beautiful way. And this literal shock still continues to our day.
Keywords: Surrealism, Modernism, psychological novel, symbol
How literary history develops will largely depend on the modifications of the wider framework in which its evolution takes place. Understanding these modifications seems to me to be an essential first step. In this paper I concentrate on three factors (the nation state; the media; the evolution of society and the idea and institutions of university education under the pressure of demographic changes), and seek to elucidate and weigh their importance for literary history. The origins of literary history as an institutionalized discourse are closely interwoven with the fortunes of nationalism and the nation state after the French Revolution. However, Eurocentrism itself has been losing ground since World War I, and with it also the European model of nation-centred literary history. This process was exacerbated by the arrival of globalisation on the crest of revolutionary discoveries in information technology in the 1950s, which coincided with the swift dismantling of the colonial system. The ensuing growth of diasporic cultures, on the one hand, and the process of European integration in the context of a globalised economy, on the other, gave rise to occurrences best described as the gradual ‘hollowing-out’ of the nation state in the West. A single unified canon, on which to base literary history, also became increasingly untenable. Within the nation-state, there emerged a string of parallel canons called upon to rectify the social injustices of the past. Today we witness a transition to either regional, and even ‘pan-European’, histories, serving a different set of political goals from those so familiar from the recent past, or trans-national, often also trans-continental, narratives heeding not the monolithic projects of the nation state but rather the processes of exile, emigration, creolisation, and hybridisation. The business of literary history has changed dramatically also due to the changing media of appropriating and consuming literature. First of all, the pattern of the consumption of literature underwent a significant alteration, placing the texts of the canon within easy reach through numerous visual adaptations, thus destabilizing their very nature as canonic works of art and erasing the boundary between high and popular. Moreover, modern media, in particular the interactive technologies, have brought about an unprecedented openness of the text to simultaneous modification by the recipient. The status of the text has changed beyond the comfortable manageability on which traditional literary history rests. The disobedient text that emerges from the process of electronic interaction is open-ended, mobile as never before, and truly boundless. The author/reader boundary is totally erased, and so are the foundations of reception theory and the traditional literary history. With an ever growing life expectancy and the corresponding attempts at managing it through various economic and administrative techniques, three of the essential cornerstones of literary history – indeed of any history – will be heading for dramatic transformation: the concept of generation; the notion of period; and that of novelness (what constitutes novelty in the literary and ideological life of society). The real issue here is the changing lifespan of generations, and with this the changing rhythms of the production of meaning. Public consent over key events underlying the narrative of the historian is likely to be reached in an ever more complicated and mediated fashion, because the constitutive voices of the generational ensemble will each have a temporality, duration, and therefore force, different from those informing the practice of (literary) historiography at present. In addition, what we see today, precisely as part of the economic and social techniques of demographic control, is the introduction of a totally new concept of education. The so-called ‘continuing education’, or ‘life-long education’, which is now part of the educational landscape throughout Europe and North America, slowly but securely redefines the philosophy of education, leaving behind the idea of clear-cut disciplinarity.
Keywords:
Les romanciers européens n’ont pas ignoré la faille - théoriquement incommode - qui sépare l’histoire du discours narratif. Mon exposé porte sur le rapport histoire/discours en tant que symptôme d’une tournure du genre romanesque que, faute de mieux, on pourrait appeler exégétique. Pour illustrer la tournure en question j’ai choisi deux romanciers éperonnés, constamment en quête de moyens singuliers pour venir à bout des tensions narratives fondamentales: Thomas Mann et Mikhaïl Boulgakov.
Mots clés: genre littéraire, littérature postmoderne, autoréférence
The recent studies in the sociology of culture are focusing, more than ever, on the idea of the power relations. My paper will present, from this point of view, some of the new theories regarding the sociology of culture, especially the theory of the French post-structural sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The paper presents his theory about the cultural field and the relations of power between the actors of the cultural field, with a close look on the particularities of the intellectual situation. In the final part of my paper I will focus on the current situation of the paradigm of intellectuals in Romania, as a symptom of the Central and East-European situation in general.
Keywords: sociology of culture, intellectuals, habitus, field, power
This paper attempts at identifying the intellectual profiles and attitudes that are characteristic for the last period of Romanian communist society, as they are represented by the literary critic and essayist Monica Lovinescu in her Diary, 1985-1988 (Humanitas, Bucharest, 2002). In the first part we have reviewed the theoretical aspects of the intellectual issue in recent researches, tracing the main characteristics that define it, as well as the attempts to draw a typology, to classify the functions and to reveal the contemporary status of the intellectual. The second part concentrates upon the positions that were occupied by the intellectuals living in Romania or in diaspora in the structure of the intellectual field from the end of the 80s, upon the current debates in that period, and also the role played by Monica Lovinescu in maintaining the civic and democratic conscience of Romanian intellectuals. The methodological starting point of our paper is represented by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s theory on the intellectual field (see, among other works, Homo Academicus, 1984, and Les Règles de l’Art, 1992). The conclusions will try to establish a comparison between the Romanian ‘version’ of the intellectual during the communist epoch, and the Western theories on this professional and social instance.
Keywords: intellectual field, exile, social and ideological positions
This essay maps heavily inflected narratives like Sadoveanu’s novels The Hetchet and Tales from Ancuta’s Inn to trace their ability to depart from the human voice and oral rhetoric to achieve a highly literate formulation and a literaly inflected text. The emphasis is on Sadoveanu’s imaginative and expressive rendering of thought that trigger the reader’s surrender to spectacle and the anecdotal, in short the means of manipulating reality and of modifying it from within the movement of folk tales and ballads.
Keywords: orality, literacy, visual rhetoric